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Triticale

Due east.A. Oelke¹, E.S. Oplinger², and Grand.A. Brinkmanⁱⁱ

1Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, Academy of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108.
²Department of Agronomy, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences and Cooperative Extension Service, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706. November., 1989.

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I. History:

Triticale (trit-ih-KAY-lee) is a crop species resulting from a plant breeder'south cross betwixt wheat (Triticum) and rye (Secale). The name triticale (Triticale hexaploide Lart.) combines the scientific names of the two genera involved. Information technology is produced by doubling the chromosomes of the sterile hybrid that results when crossing wheat and rye. This doubling produces what is called a polyploid.

Hybrids between wheat and rye date back to 1875, merely until recently there was little effort to develop highyielding triticales every bit a field crop. Plant breeders originally wanted to include the combination of grain quality, productivity, and disease resistance of wheat with the vigor and hardiness of rye. The University of Manitoba began the first intensive program in N America about xxx years ago working mostly with durum wheat-rye crosses. Both winter and bound types were developed, with emphasis on leap types. Since Canada's programme, other public and individual programs have initiated both durum wheat-rye and common wheat-rye crosses. The major triticale development plan in N America is now at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Middle in United mexican states, with some private companies continuing triticale programs; however, the University of Manitoba has discontinued its programme.

Even though triticale is a cross between wheat and rye, it is self-pollinating (like to wheat) and not cross pollinating (like rye). Most triticales that are agronomically desirable and breed true have resulted from several cycles of comeback, but are primarily from the durum-rye crosses with some common wheat parentage occasionally involved.

In the 1960's, approximately 250,000 acres were grown annually in the Usa, however markets did not develop as expected, particularly as a food. Today, in that location are only a few thousand acres grown and much of it is sold as a feed grain. Most of the production is in the western states. The southern states grow winter types which are grazed in the autumn. In the Midwest at that place is some involvement in using triticale as a forage crop.

Ii. Uses:

Institute breeders working with triticale hoped it would accept higher yield than other cereal grains, particularly under less than platonic growing conditions, and be used both as human and brute food.

A. Milling and Blistering:

Quality evaluations of triticale grain for milling and blistering prove that it is inferior to bread-making wheat and to durum wheat for macaroni, but it is ofttimes considered superior to rye. Scientists are testing triticale for possible use in breakfast cereals and for distilling or brewing, only then far no sectional commercial use has resulted. Table i describes the chemical composition of a typical triticale variety.

Table 1. Composition of triticale grain.

Component	Pct of dry thing
Protein	19.71
Fiber	3.ten
Fat	1.61
Calcium	.12
Phosphorus	.44
Total sugars (as capsize)	5.74
Starch	67.78
Amino acids
Threonine	.39
Valine	.93
Methionine	.forty
Isoleucine	.76
Leucine	1.23
Phenylalanine	.85
Lysine	.57
Histidine	.45
Arginine	.80

Source: Waibel et A., 1992, Academy of Minnesota.

B. Feed Grain:

Feeding trials in North Dakota, Canada, and Minnesota signal that triticale has potential as a feed grain. The protein content of triticale lines has ranged from 10 to xx percent on a dry out weight basis, which is higher than wheat. The amino acid composition of the poly peptide is like to wheat, but may exist slightly higher in lysine. Equally triticale varieties are improved, they may compete with oats and feed barley every bit a domicile-grown feed ingather, particularly if ergot, a fungus disease, can be eliminated or reduced to less than 0.1 pct in the grain. College levels of ergot have ruined the crop for feeding in some years. Ergot is more severe in older than in newer varieties.

Swine: Early on N Dakota trials with swine institute triticale unsatisfactory for feed and weight gain when fed as the only grain in a complete, balanced ration for growing-finishing swine. Fed a barley ration, for comparison, swine gained up to 27 percent faster than those on the triticale rations. Feed efficiencies on both the triticale and barley rations were similar: the problem was less intake due to unpalatability. The report indicated when equal parts triticale and barley represented one-half the grain fed, weight gain and efficiency were much improved over a straight triticale ration.

Cattle: Feeding trials with cattle in North Dakota showed that when triticale was the only grain used in fattening rations, both gains and feed efficiency were reduced compared to barley rations. Unremarkably, triticale was fed in smaller amounts and this partly explains the lower weight gains. Recent feeding trials at the University of Minnesota, conducted by Wright and others with calves, indicated that starter rations containing up to 27 percent triticale every bit dry out affair equaled weight gains and starter intakes in calves fed rations containing soybean meal.

Poultry: Triticale (relatively free of ergot) feeding trials with turkeys and laying hens at N Dakota State University showed that triticale was approximately equal to durum wheat for gain in body weight, feed use efficiency, and free energy content.

A University of Minnesota written report with turkeys past Wright and others showed that triticale substituted for corn in the diet improved growth significantly at 3 weeks of age. Feed efficiency with the entire triticale substitution was unchanged when compared to corn diet. When 25 percent triticale was included in a com-soybean meal diet, both growth and feed efficiency were equal to a corn-soybean meal diet.

C. Fodder:

Forage yield and quality investigations of triticale at the University of Minnesota (1978-79) past Cherney and Marten and at the Academy of Wisconsin by Brinkman and Albrecht (1986-88) found that barley, oat, and triticale had similar dry out matter yields. Notwithstanding, oat yielded significantly less dry thing than triticale in 1979 at the University of Minnesota, St. Paul. Wheat often had the lowest dry matter yields. Hateful in-vitro digestible dry out matter (IVDDK yields were 1.61, 1.43, one.36, and 1.25 tons/acre for barley, triticale, oat, and wheat, respectively. These ways were over half-dozen maturity stages from flag foliage to dough phase. Triticale, cutting slightly earlier kick stage, makes the best silage like to other small grains, but dry out matter yields are college at later maturity stages. Table 2 gives the crude protein and IVDDM comparison at the milk maturity stage for the 4 species. Recently, farmers have grown peas with spring triticale for silage.

Table two. Crude protein concentration and yield and percent digestible dry matter IVDDM and yield of four pocket-size grain species harvested at the milk stage of maturity.ⁱ

Species	Rough protein		IVDDM
	%	T/A	%	T/A
Spring wheat	15.7	0.43	63.3	1.72
Triticale	15.ii	0.45	66.4	1.95
Oat	14.6	0.44	61.5	1.86
Barley	15.7	0.l	68.5	2.xx

1Source: Cherney and Marten, 1982, University of Minnesota and USDA; means of ii varieties, years and locations.

In the Wisconsin studies, four varieties each of wintertime triticale, winter wheat and winter rye were compared for forage yield and quality (Table 3). When plants were harvested at iii-fourths heading, triticale and wheat produced college forage and rough protein yields than rye.

Table 3: Forage performance of winter cereals harvested at three-fourths heading. Arlington, WI 1986-88.¹

Crop	Harvest date	Plant tiptop in	Forage yield t/a	Crude %	Protein T/A	ADF %	NDF %
Triticale	6/half dozen	37	iii.6	12.4	0.44	36.1	64.two
Wheat	six/two	33	iii.seven	11.8	0.44	35.9	63.8
Rye	5/22	37	3.0	13.eight	0.42	37.vi	65.i

1Source: Brinkman, Mostafa and Albrecht. 1988. Academy of Wisconsin; ways of four varieties and iii years.
Values are expressed on a dry out matter footing.

A feeding study conducted in 1987 at the University of Minnesota'south Agricultural Experiment Station-Rosemount by Paulson and others compared the use of alfalfa, triticale, or oat as the simply provender sources in diets for cows for the first 116 days of lactation. Alfalfa (a composite of three cuttings and harvested at mid-bud stage), triticale (harvested at late boot with approximately 25 percent of the heads emerged) and oat (harvested at early heading) were ensiled in plastic silo bags. Xl-2 cows were randomly assigned by parity to i of these diets. Diets were composed of a 50:l ratio of forage:concentrate (dry out affair basis) and balanced for calcium, phosphorus, and rough protein by changing the limerick of the grain portion. Diets were fed equally a full mixed ration using a Calan door feeding system in a loose housing facility.

Dry matter and nutrient composition of alfalfa, triticale, and oat forages used are listed in Tabular array iv. The researchers indicated that recommended dry out matter content of small grains at ensiling is approximately 40 per centum. Triticale was near the recommended dry out matter content, just oat was harvested nether poor weather and ensiled at a lower dry matter than desired. Crude protein content was highest in the alfalfa fodder, intermediate in triticale, and everyman in the oat forage. The researchers indicated that a partial caption for the higher rough protein content in the triticale than the oat forage was that 92 pounds of supplemental nitrogen were applied per acre to the triticale but non to oat. Acid detergent fiber values were similar for all three forages, only neutral detergent cobweb values were higher in triticale and oat fodder than in alfalfa. The bottom of Table 4 shows the composition of the full mixed diet (forage and grain mixture) used in the study.

Table 4: Provender and diet composition (dry affair basis).¹

Item	Alfalfa	Triticale	Oat
	%
Fodder
Dry out matter	43.5	37.8	28.0
Crude protein	22.6	17.5	142.0
Neutral detergent fiber	43.8	54.8	52.4
Acid detergent fiber	32.nine	32.i	31.1
Calcium	one.69	.56	.42
Phosphorus	.43	.56	.39
Diet
Dry matter	58.ane	52.4	43.7
Crude protein	16.4	17.ii	17.3
Neutral detergent fiber	thirty.3	36.nine	36.0
Acrid detergent cobweb	eighteen.0	xix.8	19.3

1Source: Paulson, Ehle, Otterby, and Linn, 1987, University of Minnesota.

Cows fed the diets containing triticale produced significantly more 3.5 percent fat-corrected milk (FCM) than cows fed the diet containing oat fodder (Table v). Milk production of cows fed the nutrition containing alfalfa was intermediate. Milk fat, protein, and full solids percentages were not affected by provender source. Dry matter intake of cows fed the triticale and alfalfa forage diets were similar and higher than the dry thing intake of cows fed the oat forage diet. Co-ordinate to the researchers, the lower dry affair content of the oat forage diet may have afflicted intakes and influenced milk production.

From this study these researchers concluded that small grain silages tin be used as the sole provender for lactating cows if silages are cut at early maturities and harvested at proper wet levels. Cows fed triticale were sim- i ilar to cows fed alfalfa in milk production, milk limerick, and dry matter intake.

Table five: Result of forage on milk yield and milk compositionⁱ.

Item	Forage source
	Alfalfa	Triticale	Oat
No. of cows	15	15	12
Milk yield and composition
iii.five% FCM 2 (lb/moo-cow/twenty-four hour period)	64.7ab	71.9a	60.viib
fat, %	3.seven	3.7	3.ix
protein, %	iii.4	3.4	three.four
total solids, %	13.three	thirteen.3	13.4

1Source: Paulson, Ehle, Otterby and Linn, 1987, University of Minnesota.
²Fat-corrected milk.
^abMeans differ (P .05).

3. Growth Habits:

Triticale growth addiction is similar to wheat and rye.

Four. Environment Requirements:

Ecology requirements for winter triticale in the upper Midwest are similar to other fall planted small grain crops such as wheat or rye and for bound triticale the requirements are similar to spring planted oats, barley or wheat.

V. Cultural Practices:

A. Seedbed Preparation:

Preparation of the seedbed should be similar to that for oat, barley or wheat.

B. Planting Appointment:

Spring triticale varieties, as other small grains, should be planted equally early as practical. Winter varieties should exist planted in the autumn on dates like to winter wheat only even more care should be taken to go out surface residue to catch snow.

C. Rate:

Triticale should exist seeded using a standard grain drill. The planting rate should be 28-36 viable seeds per foursquare foot in a seedbed prepared every bit for wheat.

D. Fertilizer:

Phosphorus must be adequate for practiced yields and triticale uses more than nitrogen than wheat.

E. Multifariousness Selection:

Both winter and jump triticale varieties are bachelor.

Spring Triticale Varieties: Table 6 compares the agronomic characteristics of Karl and Kramer with hard scarlet leap and durum wheat. The triticale varieties are 4-vi days earlier and are more susceptible to leaf rust than difficult crimson spring and durum wheat. Both varieties are susceptible to ergot, only are less then than many of the earlier triticale varieties. Comparable information for Nutricale, a spring multifariousness bachelor from Nutriseeds, Perham, MN, are non available. Notwithstanding, at Staples in 1986 Nutricale yielded 1810 lb/A compared to Rymin winter rye which yielded 2912 INA. The yield range for Nutricale in Minnesota has been from 1250 to 4000 lb/A.

Table half-dozen: Agronomic Information for spring triticale and wheat varieties in North Dakota, 1981-83.^ane

Diversity	Crop	Days to heading	Plant acme in	Test weight2 lb/bu	Leaf rust3	Grain protein %
Karl	Triticale	58	31	47.i	MR-MS	thirteen.1
Kramer	Triticale	58	36	45.5	MR	13.three
Era	Hr spring wheat	64	30	56.seven	MR-MS	14.three
Len	Hr spring wheat	62	32	57.v	MS	14.8
Cando	Durum wheat	64,	xxx	57.0	R	13.viii
Vic	Durum wheat	62	37	threescore.0	R	14.0

1Source: North Dakota Extension Agronomy Round No. 1.
^twoOfficial examination wt of triticale = 50, Wheat = 60 lb/bu.
³R=resistant, MR=moderately resistant, MS= Moderately susceptible.

In Wisconsin studies conducted at Arlington from 1987-89, vi jump triticale varieties were compared (Tabular array 7). Florico, Karl, and Kramer produced the highest grain yields, while Springfest was highest in straw yield. Test weight ranged from 43.2 to 49.8 lb/bu but averaged below the official test weight of l. Grain protein per centum was inversely related to grain yield.

Table 7: Yield and plant characteristics of 6 spring triticales harvested at maturity at Arlington, WI in 1987-89.¹

Variety	Grain yield lb/a	Straw yield lb/a	Test weight lb/bu	Grain poly peptide %	Poly peptide yield lb/a	Caput date June	Height in	Leaf rust %	Stem rust 0-9
Florico	3201	4449	49.eight	12.vii	407	19	37	20	0
Grace	2155	4351	45.three	thirteen.iv	289	20	37	viii	0
Karl	2970	4141	47.7	12.5	371	14	32	10	three
Kramer	2684	3796	48.0	12.4	333	13	29	15	0
Marval	2065	4037	43.2	13.0	268	xviii	38	12	0
Springfest	2378	4854	45.3	11.8	281	26	37	0	three
Mean	2576	4271	46.6	12.6	325	xviii	35	11	1
LSD (0.05)	686	453	3.9	i.0	88	3	4	-	-

1Source: Brinkman, Chapco and Albrecht, 1988, University of Wisconsin.

At the present fourth dimension, the varieties Florico, Karl and Kramer represent the best choices of high yielding bound triticales available for the upper Midwest.

Wintertime Triticale Varieties: Performance of released and experimental winter triticale lines have been compared to commonly grown soft cherry wintertime wheats in 1987-89 at Arlington and Madison, WI, Table 8. Triticale was generally college in grain yield, lower in winter survival ratings, and higher in protein concentration than were the wheat varieties. Grain yield and test weight were restricted past unusually dry out conditions in these tests.

Table viii: Operation of four winter triticales and three soft red winter wheats at Arlington and Madison, Wisconsin, 1987-89.

Variety or Selection	Yield		Test weight lb/bu	Winter Survival %	Head appointment	Height in	Lodging %	Protein %	Foliage rust %
	Grain lb/a	Straw t/a
Loc-years	4	2	4	3	four	3	2	ii	1
Winter triticale
Nutriseed 2-2-4	3600	iii.half dozen	49.half dozen	48	5/29	47	14	9.8	10
Nutriseed 6-half dozen-2	3640	3.1	45.three	46	6/two	42	xiii	ten.6	x
Tritigold-22	3230	3.half-dozen	46.7	64	six/5	45	iv	10.5	45
WB-UW26	3930	iii.v	46.8	74	6/v	46	two	ten.iv	35
Wintertime wheat
Argee	3250	3.half dozen	52.iv	90	6/5	36	iii	10.1	30
Caldwell	3170	ii.8	53.viii	65	5/30	31	3	nine.8	65
Charmany	2780	3.eight	51.vii	73	half dozen/vi	36	xi	ten.3	80

Limited Due north Dakota winter survival data indicate that cultivars Nutriseed 239 and Double Ingather are more winter hardy than cultivar 1-18. Mostly, winter triticale volition not survive Minnesota winters unless special care is taken to get out field residuum (every bit for winter wheat) to grab snow and provide encompass. In addition, also winter triticales are more susceptible to injury from early on spring freezing temperatures than winter rye.

F. Weed Control:

Cultural and Mechanical: Select fields with low weed seed density if possible. Plant early in a well prepared seed bed for rapid formation.

Chemic: Bromoxynil (Buctril) is registered for broadleaf weed control in triticale. No herbicides are registered for grass weed control, so the crop needs to be planted on relatively weed-free fields. Triticale grows slower than wheat in the leap and grassy weeds could be a problem.

G. Diseases:

Ergot is the nearly serious disease of jump triticale and tin cause grain palatability issues likewise as health problems in animals. Scab is oftentimes more serious in the winter types. Avoid planting triticale two years in succession or following rye. Leaf rust is more astringent on triticale than on the more resistant hard crimson spring wheat varieties. No fungicides are cleared for use on triticale.

H. Insects:

Insect problems in triticale are more often than not not serious merely are similar to that of the other small grain crops.

I. Harvesting:

Harvest is nearly one calendar week later than wheat, and it threshes hands when dry out. The cylinder and forward speed of the combine should be slower than for wheat. The concaves should be more than open up and the air less open up than when combining wheat. Post harvest dormancy is less than hard ruby-red spring wheat and like to durum, so harvesting needs to be timely to avert sprouting.

J. Drying and Storage:

Drying and storage of triticale is like to wheat or rye. For long term storage grain should be 13% moisture or lower.

6. Yield Potential and Operation Results:

A. Spring Triticale:

At that place are a number of spring triticale varieties, but yield comparisons are available on only a few of the recent varieties. Grain yield comparisons during 1981-86 from Due north Dakota indicated that the North Dakota varieties Karl and Kramer were similar in yield to the hard red leap wheats Era and Len and the durum wheats Cando and Vic, at Langdon, N Dakota (Tabular array 9). Notwithstanding, the hard red spring wheat variety, Wheaton, yielded more than either triticale in 1986. During 1982-83, Karl and Kramer yielded more than Era, Len, and Cando, but less than Vic at Casselton, located just due west of Fargo.

In Wisconsin studies, spring triticale yields have ranged from 2000 to 4100 lb/a and accept equaled or exceeded the yield of spring wheat, barley, and oat when compared on a lb/a basis (Table 10). The performance of six spring triticale varieties at Arlington, WI is summarized in Table 7.

Table 9: Grain yields of spring triticales and wheat in North Dakota, 1981-86.¹

Diversity	Origin	Crop	Langdon		Casselton 82-83
			81,83	86
			lb/A
Karl	ND	Triticale	3315	2148	3152
Kramer	ND	Triticale	3355	2677	3175
Era	MN	HR jump wheat	3200	--	2695
Len	ND	HR leap wheat	2805two	--	2765
Wheaton	MN	HR spring wheat	--	2889	--
Cando	ND	Durum wheat	2550	--	2722
Vic	ND	Durum wheat	31562	--	3485

1Source: Due north Dakota Extension Agronomy Circular No. 1.
²1983 only; yields adjusted for comparison.

Tabular array ten: Average grain yields of leap triticale, hard cerise spring wheat, barley and oats at Arlington, WI. 1987-89.

Crop	Year			Avg.
	1987	1988	1989
	lb/a
Triticale	3531	2428	1768	2576
Wheat	3300	1740	2600	2547
Barley	3168	2064	4650	3294
Oat	2720	2244	3550	2838

B. Winter Triticale:

Yield and survival data for winter triticale in Northward Dakota and Minnesota are limited considering of its poor wintertime survival. Tabular array xi shows winter triticale yield information when early snow cover occurred in 1985-86. Two varieties of winter triticale, 1-18 and Double Crop, yielded most the aforementioned as the winter wheats, Northstar and Rose, merely less than Rymin rye at Staples, Minnesota on irrigated sandy soil. The yield of 1-xviii was comparable to Rymin rye, merely the other two varieties, 239 and Double Ingather, yielded much less than Rymin rye.

As noted earlier in Table 8, the boilerplate yield of wintertime triticale was 3800 lb/a compared to 3070 lb/a for three commonly grown winter wheat varieties in trials conducted at two southern Wisconsin locations nether dry growing conditions.

Table 11: Yield of winter triticale, rye and wheat, 1986.

Variety	Origin	Crop	Location
			Williston, NDane	Staples, MN2
			lb/A
1-xviii	Nutriseed	Triticale	1963	2965
239	Nutriseed	Triticale	--	1960
Double Crop	Nutriseed	Triticale	1937	1505
Rymin	MN	Rye	--	3013
Puma	Canada	Rye	2244	--
Northstar	Canada	Wheat	1876	--
Rose	SD	Wheat	1951	--

1Source: Northward Dakota Extension Agronomy Round No. 1.
²Source: Meredith and Weins, 1987, University of Minnesota.

Vii. Economics of Production and Markets:

In 1987 at that place were almost x,000 acres of triticale planted in North Dakota, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Some elevators such as the Subcontract Service Elevator in Wilmar, MN have been paying a slight premium in a higher place No. 2 yellow corn on a weight basis at 14 percent wet. The official test weight of triticale is fifty lbs/bu. Markets are limited and should be obtained before triticale is planted as a greenbacks crop.

Viii. Information Sources:

• Triticale in Minnesota. 1988. Eastward. A. Oelke and R.H. Busch. University of Minnesota Extension Service Pub. AG-FO-3337.
• Triticale Performance in Wisconsin. 1974. E. S. Oplinger and Five. L. Youngs. University of Wisconsin Field Crops 26.4-T.

References to pesticide products in this publication are for your convenience and are not an endorsement of one product over other like products. Yous are responsible for using pesticides co-ordinate to the manufacturer'southward current label directions. Follow directions exactly to protect the environment and people from pesticide exposure. Failure to do and then violates the law.

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